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Raymond Arnold Winbush aka Tikari Bioko (born March 31, 1948) is an American-African scholar and activist known for his systems-thinking approaches to understanding the impact of racism/white supremacy on the global African community. His writings, consultations, and research have been instrumental in understanding developmental stages in Black males, public policy and its connection to compensatory justice, relationships between Black males and females, infusion of African studies into school curricula, and the impact of hip hop culture on the contemporary American landscape. He is currently Research Professor and Director of the Institute for Urban Research at Morgan State University in Baltimore, Maryland.〔(Oh, the Irony: Arianna Huffington, Ray Winbush Speak Tonight in Nashville )〕 ==Biography== Early life Winbush is one of five children and the middle of three sons born to Harold Winbush, a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania steel worker, and Dorothy Winbush, a housewife. A depressed economy, low wages, and racial discrimination produced financial hardships for the family and in 1948 (the year of Winbush's birth), the family left Pittsburgh and moved to the east side of Cleveland, Ohio to begin anew. At the request of his elementary school art teacher, Winbush was tested and scored high on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test. Life changed for Winbush when he was bussed from his poor, Hough Avenue neighborhood to an accelerated school in a middle-class and predominantly Jewish neighborhood seven miles from his family's home. At twelve years old, Winbush realized differences between his educational experiences and those of his brothers. Much of Winbush's early childhood narrative is detailed in his first book, ''The Warrior Method''.〔(The Warrior Method: A Program for Rearing Healthy Black Boys )〕 Education After graduating from Cleveland's John Adams High School in 1966, Winbush entered Oakwood College (now Oakwood University) in Huntsville, Alabama where he won consecutive Ford Foundation Intensive Summer Studies Program scholarships to Harvard and Yale universities in 1968 and 1969 respectively. In 1970, Winbush graduated with honors and received his BA in psychology from Oakwood and later served the college as professor and chair of Behavioral Sciences from 1973 until 1977. Winbush earned his MA (1973) and PhD (1976) in clinical psychology from the University of Chicago. His thesis, "A Quantitative Exploration into Proxemic Behavior," was a study of the cross-cultural differences of spacing behavior in public. His dissertation, "A Quantitative Exploration into the Theoretical Formulations of Erik H. Erikson Concerning Black Identity," examined Erikson's fifth "Age of Man" and empirically refuted Erikson's ideas concerning identity development in young Blacks. Career In addition to serving on the editorial board of the ''Journal of Black Studies'' and as executive board member for the National Council for Black Studies, Winbush has been professional consultant and southern region president to the Association of Black Culture Centers. He has lectured on the challenges faced by African men and the struggle for reparations throughout the United States, London, Amsterdam, Sydney, Paris, Brussels and Paramaribo. In 2002, Ray Winbush aided in establishing the Global Afrikan Congress and appeared as race relations expert on ''The Oprah Winfrey Show'' in 2005. His books, ''The Warrior Method: A Program for Rearing Healthy Black Boys''〔(The Warrior Method: Raising Self-Reliant Black Men. ) ''National Public Radio.'' April 5, 2004.〕 and ''(Should America Pay? Slavery and The Raging Debate on Reparations )'' were published in 2001 and 2003 respectively. His latest book, '' Belinda's Petition: A Concise History of Reparations For The Transatlantic Slave Trade'' (XLibris, 2009),〔Mike Barber, ("Belinda's Petition a Perfect Primer on the Subject of Reparations" ), Huff Post, 04/09/2010.〕 is considered a "prequel" to ''Should America Pay?: Slavery and the Raging Debate on Reparations'', and provides an overview of how reparations for the TransAtlantic Slave Trade has been a consistent theme among African people for the past 500 years. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Raymond Winbush」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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